Jean Piaget Essays - Child Development, Cognitive Psychology

Jean Piaget This paper revolves around developmental psychologist Jean Piaget and his work. While swaying from the personal to the professional sides of the Swiss psychologist, the research touches on key influences that inspired young Piaget to become such a driven and well respected psychologist. However, the most extensive part of this paper is the explanation of his cognitive development theory and how it evolved. The three main pieces to Piaget`s puzzle of cognitive development that are discussed are schemes, assimilation and accommodation, and the stages of cognitive growth. In addition to the material on the man and his theory, there is the most important component of the paper, the ways Piaget and his work molded the future. Piaget 3 Introduction Now known as one of the trailblazers of developmental psychology, Jean Piaget initially worked in a wide range of fields. Early in his career Piaget studied the human biological processes. These processes intrigued Piaget so much that he began to study the realm of human knowledge. From this study he was determined to uncover the secrets of cognitive growth in humans. Jean Piaget`s research on the growth of the human mind eventually lead to the formation of the cognitive development theory which consists of three main components: schemes, assimilation and accommodation, and the stage model. The theory is best known for Piaget`s construction of the discontinuous stage model which was based on his study of children and how the processes and products of their minds develop over time. According to this stage model, there are four levels of cognitive growth: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. While a substantial amount of psychologists presently choose to adhere to the constructs of the information processing approach, Piaget`s ground breaking cognitive development view is still a valuable asset to the branch of developmental psychology. Whether or not Piaget uncovered any answers to the mysteries of human knowledge is disputable, but one belief that few dispute is that Jean Piaget did indeed lay a strong foundation for future developmental psychologists. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Historical Background 4 Theoretical Construct 7 Impact on Society 12 Reference List 13 Piaget 4 Historical Background In 1896 the summer in Switzerland was just an ordinary, uneventful three months. However, during this ordinary and uneventful span of time, a child was born who would become an extraordinary developmental psychologist and fulfill the future with ground breaking events in the field of cognitive psychology. He was the son of an intelligent man and a stern, smart religious woman, and godchild of respected epistemologist Samuel Cornut. With such scholarly surroundings, there is little surprise that Jean Piaget developed into such an intelligent individual. At age eleven, young Piaget wrote a paper on albino sparrows and got it published. This publishing provided him with the opportunity to meet a man who would turn out to be very influential, Paul Godet, the curator at the local museum. Young Piaget also benefited highly from his prestigious high school in Neuchatel, along with the aforementioned godfather Samuel Cornut who introduced him to one of the two fields he would grow to love, epistemology, and most of all Jean Piaget`s parents who not only instilled an academia home environment but also provided a solid religious background. Another big moment came in the form of a book. Piaget names Henri Bergson`s L`Evolution Creatrice as the most influential piece of writing he has ever read in his adult life. He had this to say about it, reading Bergson was for me a revelation . .. close to ecstasy, (Cohen, 1983). Piaget 5 From this book Piaget developed a desire for biology to go along with his existing interest in philosophy, epistemology to be exact. Piaget stated in his first two books that he had ambitions of constructing a structure that addressed the basic questions of epistemology. However, according to Cohen (1983), Piaget`s strong initial interest in philosophy declined somewhat when he discovered that the philosophers did not really know any factual answers to questions that have plagued humanity. Piaget now became equally interested in biology and epistemology. This dual interest attracted him to psychology, yet he still was unsure of what direction he should take in his career. It was not until Piaget traveled to Paris to hear his favorite writer of the time, Bergson, that he began to get an idea of what he wanted to do. There Piaget met James M. Baldwin who would motivate him and teach him, the importance of imitation and of reversible operations, (Cohen, 1983). Both of these qualities would

Sociology defamiliarizes the taken for- granted nature of the everyday Essay Example

Sociology defamiliarizes the taken for Sociology defamiliarizes the taken for- granted nature of the everyday Paper Sociology defamiliarizes the taken for- granted nature of the everyday Paper Essay Topic: Sociology As an area of sociological study the everyday only emerged relatively recently. It might seem too mundane, too ordinary a field to study, but as Lefebvre commented, the everyday life is the base of everything (Lefebvre Book 1, page 317). The home is often viewed as a central location for the everyday to take place but increasingly other locations such as the street and the pub are viewed as areas of sociological interest. As with many concepts, the home, street, pub and the everyday life are especially with regards to repetition routine and habits contested. The daily routines of the everyday may hinder us to be critical thinkers or they could be essential for us to feel secure in this fast changing world. The everyday world around us is perceived as natural and normal. A great number of aspects go unquestioned, many things are taken for granted. Sociologicalers one way to explore these aspects. The task sociologists face is the defamilarization of the everyday, keeping a professional distance from the world around them. Most techniques used in early sociological study of macrosociological processes ignored fundamental questions such as the taken- for- grantedness of everyday situations and many areas went unexplored and unquestioned. When attempting to tackle such investigations, the researchers faced the problem that they were studying their own society and therefore shared the same basic attitudes and behaviours of the people they were studying. The fact that the researcher may not come from the same class may aid defamilarization, but by no means could effectively fully support researchers in their investigations. Especially those involved in mass observation as described by Watson (2002) A researcher from another culture would possibly see the researched society in different way but difficulties could arise for example through language and communication. American sociologist Harold Garfinkle (1967) (Chapter 3 page 99) came up with what he saw as a solution to this problem by introducing experiments to reveal the taken for granted ways of living. Garfinkles experiments were designed to change the notions of these taken for granted ways. Hamilton, 2002) Although mostly done in the mind, some of these experiments were actually carried out. An example of Garfinkles breaching experiments is to choose a street where there are many people. Take off a shoe and hold it visibly in your hand and then prominently walk down the street noting the other peoples adverse reaction, which could be anything from ridicule to hostility. This experiment reveals the taken for granted and socially acceptable behaviour of the street and the connected codes of conduct and behaviour. Garfinkel, 1967). (Chapter 2 page 99) Garfinkel believed that through the reactions of the people around the researchers it is possible firstly to see and secondly to understand the taken- for- grantedness of everyday life. With breaching experiments, Garfinkel introduced a tool to reveal the routines and habits at the microsociological level and many unwritten rules of society become apparent. However, his technique, also known as ethnomethodology, is largely dependent on the researchers. Only the areas they consider as worthy of investigation and potentially revealing such as taken for granted routines or habits will be explored, which makes them prone to overlook many areas in society. Only areas covered by the experiments such as the imaginary walking down the street with the shoes in your hand are revealed by the experiment. Another breaching example Garfinkel used was where students were asked to behave like boarders in their own family homes not only shows how taken for granted appropriate behaviour is, but also how these unwritten rules are nconsciously connected to certain roles. This process of taking up and playing roles is described by Goffman (Hamilton, 2002). Ethnomethodology is a sociological tool that allows the researcher to reveal the taken- for- grantedness in everyday life. It is value free and concerned with the details of human interaction. However, the researchers still have to interpret what they see, and they do this with their own ideas, their own preconceptions, no matter how hard they try to defamilarize with the world around them. The pub is another area of sociological interest it is a site that is set in a social and historical context traditionally dominated by men. In the late1930s to the 1950s Charles Madge and Tom Harris carried out a mass observation study to observe and record the beliefs and thoughts of ordinary working class people. The negative side of this research was that it focused only on men and did not take into account womens opinions. (Chapter 2, page 194) On the other hand Ann Whitehead (1976) analyses patterns of gender in her ethnographic study of everyday life in a Hertfordshire village. Whiteheads used both participation and observation in her study and showed that all areas of social life are entwined with what transpires in the pub and the pub plays a key role in reinforcing mens position of domination and power in relation to women. (Whitehead 1970) and in the process stereotyping patriarchal power relations. The ideas linked with the pub have changed over time. In pre- industrial times the pub was a community-based centre of life that catered mainly male visitors who went there not only to drink and eat but also to find lodgings or work. (Chapter 2, page 190) Industrialization brought about changes and specialization on all levels. The pubs role was not only a place of male retreat but also a site of consumption and social activity. Inside the pub this specialization is visible in the separation of rooms now allocated a special purpose such as games room, snug, restaurant and public bar. Also, and maybe more profoundly, the entrenchment of gendered roles began to change with the introduction of family pubs and restaurants, eroding the parochial aspect of the pub. The view of the pub, however, is not uncontested but what remains is a sense of belonging, a home from home, and a community. Never -the- less the Pub has historically been linked with routine, repetition and habit. Lefebvre focuses on the negative aspects of these routines he argues that everyday life as such is dull, repetitive and unexciting, (Book 1, page. 24). There are, however, more positive aspects to the habitual and repetitive life. Felski argues that the routines of the everyday are vital structures in an otherwise chaotic life. Furthermore, the routines of everyday life the very base of our identities, it is the things we do day after day which shape how people see themselves. (Felski Book 1, page 352) This is a valid opinion since there appears to be more positive aspects to the repetitive everyday life, as Silverstone shows. It is particularly the routines and habits of the everyday that help us to make the harsh world manageable. Through these repetitive actions the world becomes more familiar and predictable, which greatly increases our sense of ontological security (Silverstone Book 1, page 355). The pub becomes a haven where people can retreat. This need for a place of retreat becomes a site of everyday practices and symbols through which people attempt to manage themselves as well as the surrounding world. The street and the pub can be viewed as social constructs invested with a range of meanings that may differ according to the culture, place and time in which they are made, they are open to debate and in the case of the street as much a state of mind as a physical locale. The imagery of the street has a long history can be explored in its representations in literature art and film this helps the distinction between physical location and state of mind. (Chapter 1 page 98). Everyday is personal to the individual and their community and is therefore different in differing circumstances and cultures.

Personal Experience of Marketing Management in the 21st Century and Term Paper

Personal Experience of Marketing Management in the 21st Century and Emerging Issues - Term Paper Example Internet marketing is the future of marketing. The challenges that this field can face in the future will mainly be related to the quality of content involved in the promotion. However, challenges which do occur in relation to internet marketing will cause difficulties for both consumers and companies. One example of this is connection speed. The speed that consumers can access the internet, and as a consequence web based content varies significantly. If a consumer has low bandwidth, or for other reasons is unable to access the internet at a fast rate, this can affect the use of animate movies, such as flash animations, as well as graphics that are very large or detailed as methods of advertising. The amount of consumers that suffer from slow internet is rapidly decreasing, with dial-up and slow connections being replaced with cable internet and high speed broadband. Another problem with the use of internet marketing is that there is often no method for consumers to try a product bef ore they decide to buy it. Some exceptions to this would be services that offer a full refund if the customer is not happy, or that offer a trial period. For other situations, such as purchases from online stores, consumers get around the problem of not being able to test a product by getting familiar with it at physical stores, testing it there if required, before buying it online. This however is only possible for products that are accessible from a physical store, and consumers that are able to go to the stores. It is important that promotion and marketing strategies are effective and that they can reach out to the maximum number of people. Good quality of content can make sure that people get interested in the product or service. The emerging issues that internet marketing professionals face are mentioned as follows: Commodity (Product) – It is important that products and services sold over the internet are of good quality and that they are able to compete successfully wi th physical stores as well as other online ventures. Price – Monitoring prices and being aware of where they stand in relation to prices of competitors is an important factor in internet marketing. The costs in relation to hosting products and services on the internet and advertising them are low compared to that of a physical store. As a consequence price of online goods and services is generally lower than that of physical goods and services. However, this is not always the case, especially with cost of shipping involved in many internet purchases. Promotion – There are a large range of tools available to help a company or an individual promote both their site in general as well as their products and services. Such tools include search engine optimization (SEO), which involves manipulating particular components of the site, such as use of specific words in order to make it appear early in search engine listings, the use of advertising such as banner ads on other webs ites, and communication with consumers and marketing through email. Other tools include affiliating with other websites, using social media such as Facebook and Twitter for marketing as well as using forums and blogging as means of more effectively engaging the consumer. Point of sale – The point of sale is the physical location where the sale occurs. For a store that operates electronically this is the website, or for a store this is the physical l

Litigation, Censures and Fines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Litigation, Censures and Fines - Research Paper Example The primary subject that led to this case was Ernst & Young did not evaluate the sales returns preserve from the corporation’s financial books (PCAOB, 2014). The PCAOB report started that Ernst & Young failed to discharge their bedrock responsibility, mainly as one of the large four accounting corporations that control the market (PCAOB, 2014). The corporation had been Medicis’ inspector or auditor for more than 20 years. It did not acknowledge or refute offense on their part (PCAOB, 2014). During an audit examination, the PCAOB exposed proof that Ernst & Young assessed itself within before supporting faulty supposition to pass uncontested (Whitehouse). The finding or discovery goes back to Ernst & Young’s inner managements. It is the corporation’s role to ensure that they do not neglect anything significant like that. The reality that there was proof that they had queried some of the flawed assumptions is sufficient to articulate that their in-house control is not constantly the best it possible. If they had exceptional internal control processes, they would not abscond questions such as this unreciprocated. Quality internal matters form the foundation of all the questionable accounting processes anticipated (PCAOB, 2014). The significance of standards and ethics of integrity are principally imperative to individuals of the profession. Accountants execute their duties with the maximum degree of accurateness and principled integrity. Trust and assurance in moral conduct by accounting experts and in the occupation more usually is fundamental to the legislation in America. It necessitate that corporations listing their securities on America exchanges ought to have their fiscal reports audited (Duska, Duska, & Ragatz, 2011). In a latest topic, Hunt Isaac C., representative of the Securities and Exchange Commission,

Music Listening Session #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music Listening Session #1 - Essay Example It was as if a particular story were being weaved movement upon movement like an act in a play, while the tempo brought indications where tragedy must come in, the point to remain as such or otherwise jolt-free as if there were magical winds. With its unique style, the sound of antiquity became special that I suddenly felt the ease to span out of my modern musical inclination and reconcile with it each aspect of distortion and fluidity therein. As a consequence of a well-arranged composition, it seemed there was automatic connection somewhere with the perfectly climatic lute instrumentation. I could sense that others watching with me were being made repeatedly optimistic in the process, not initially expecting to have tuned the symphonies in as eventful as it’s wonderfully tragic along the transformation of tamed notes to voracious ones, worthy of encore. In the process, it was particularly captivating to have experienced the detailed rhythmic approach of the Passamezzo della Battaglia  which splendidly attempted to be classic in every way effecting a pitch very much congruous with good-humored facial expressions of the musicians. Having studied European history, I could imagine how lute dynamics had been deemed necessary in the type of secular culture between the medieval and renaissance periods. It was such a momentous performance for the celebrated lute players assuredly filled with inspiration that in my entrancement brought across invisible waves of tunes in fluid rush marked by certain jest. I came snapping back to reality every time as if from subconsciously stepping onto a whole new dimension where imaginings just soared and spirits were lifted to cosmic heights. It was I suppose all about each musician’s craft with his lute that defines and sets his style apart from a traditional player no matter how rare. The ensemble can be deeply felt to possess characteristics of a native musical genius flowing or

Application Of Sound In Movies And Games Film Studies Essay

Application Of Sound In Movies And Games Film Studies Essay Approaches to Game Audio. Modern computer games are undeniably becoming more realistic and cinematic. As graphics become better quality and game consoles become more powerful, the distinctive line between films and computer games that was set in the 1970s now hardly exists. Graphics have a big part to play in films and modern computer games, but an even bigger part of films in my opinion is the music and the sound in the film general. The music helps create the tension, emphasise dramatic moments in the plot and giving films another dimension to what is shown on screen. These techniques in music and sound/sound effects in film have been taken and used into the production of the modern computer game. Although the music and sound in film and modern computer game may have the same cinematic practice, the way it is implemented in computer games is very different. This is because of the interactive nature of the gaming environment in the computer game. Throughout this assignment Im going to be looking at what kind of strategys game audio developers have created and adopted from film to produce effective audio in the music, dialogue and effects in computer games. We will firstly be looking into the techniques on how film music and sound is made, and the different strategies have been used to produce them. Then at the strategies and techniques on music for modern games, then discussing and evaluating the different and similar techniques and strategys that computer games have adopted. Sound in film Music and sound have always been a big part of film. Even before technology was advanced enough to play dialogue or music, silent films would normally accompanied by a pianist or even a whole orchestra. But why is sound so important to film? Composer Aaron Copland describes five purposes of film music which we will be going into detail about: Creating a convincing atmosphere of time and place; Underlining psychological refinements the unspoken thoughts of the character; Serving as a kind of neutral background filler; Building a sense of continuity; Underpinning the theatrical build-up of a scene, and rounding it off with a sense of finality. (Copland 1975: 154-5) Creating a convincing atmosphere of time and place Composers can achieve creating a time and place by capturing the musical colour, creating the feeling that the music would be created in that location or time. They can achieve this by using instrument of that era or location- Bagpipes would suggest the scene was in Scotland, while a String quartet could symbolise a Scene from the 1800. Although this is an effective way of locating the film musically in some respects, sometimes the composer or director of the film may not want to use authentic Chinese  music but just want to achieve a Chinese flavour or colour by using a pentatonic scale with Western instruments (Source 1) This can create a better effect overall, hinting towards where the scene is musically without using unwanted interments. Underlining psychological refinements the unspoken thoughts of the character In some instances, music can portray a psychological element much better than dialogue can. This type of film music seems more effective if the composer reads over the script at the creation stage, making suggestions on where he would like the music to be. Far too often, however, this possibility is passed over and music is not allowed to speak (B source 1). Music can also give the viewer a better understanding on what is going on within the head of a character, not specific detail, but an overview. Leonard Rosenman  thinks that The musical contribution to the film should be ideally to create a  supra-reality, a condition wherein the elements of literary naturalism are perceptually altered. In this way the audience can have the insight into different aspects of behaviour and motivation not possible under the aegis of naturalism. This show that music can give a film another dimension, bringing out emotions and insights into characters where film without sound cant. Serving as a kind of neutral background filler Through research many composers feel this is one of the hardest things to do within composing a piece of music. Roy A. Prendergast point out that creating background music for a composer calls for him to be at his most subordinated. At times one of the functions of film music is to do nothing more than be there This shows that sometimes music is just needed to blend in the background as though it would exist as sound rather than as constructed music. Building a sense of continuity What is meant by continuity in film is that music can hold a film together Music can tie together a visual medium that is, by its very nature, continually in danger of falling apart (B source 1).The editor of the film will probably be the most aware of this particular attribute of music in films. Music can also bring a film together as a whole using a unifying musical idea. Underpinning the theatrical build-up of a scene, and rounding it off with a sense of finality When used correctly, music can add a huge amount of intensity and intimacy to a scene, it can evoke a gut reaction unobtainable in any other way (B Source 1) But music isnt a miracle worker, a lot of good composers have been asked to create music for a weak scene, hoping that it will the scene stronger. But if the scene is weak it is near impossible to make it stronger, and sadly it is normally the composer who critics blame. Three forms of music The sound in Cinema takes on three different forms: Speech, Music or Noise. Speech The dialogue in films are spoken by the actors or narration heard as a voice over (Source 2). A major component in speech for films is an automated dialogue replacement. When recording on set there is normally back ground noise of traffic or planes flying overhead, this drowns the actors lines out. Because of this, the dialogue is recorded within a studio. Recording dialogue in this way makes it possible for actors to make their lines more dramatic then recording on location. An example of this is the screaming by the actor in Jurassic Park actually was recorded in the sound studios in New York and Los Angeles (source 2). In the studio an ADR expert would match the new recording with the film, making sure that they were properly in sync so that the audience isnt aware of it being recorded in a studio. Music Music is a very powerful component to a film, in many different ways. For example in musicals such as The Sound of Music (1965) the music trys to captivate the audience creating an emotional response when music and words are linked in a scene (B source 2). Music also helps explain and move the plot instrumentally. Themes are very commonly used for individual characters, for example Star wars when Darth Vader appears on screen his theme music is played. There are two different types of film music. Firstly there is Source music, which is the realistic part of the scene; Street Musicians, Rock band playing in the background etc. The second film type is Underscoring; Music motivated by dramatically consideration (B source 3). The composers are normally not needed until a rough cut of the film is made, or even later. Within films that have to be shot in time with music that does not exist yet a temporary music track may be played on set (B source 3). Many films without music feel very empty; this is why films are normally pretracked. The editor would cut scenes to stock or classical music so that the tempo and phrasing lend structure to the footage. Composers then have the task too music that is similar but different. In scoring, one of the first steps is deciding which scene will have music; this is called spotting. The composer will have to cue the start and end of the scene with a stop watch. The music editor will then create a time sheet or breakdown which will change the feet of the film into seconds, or even smaller time scale. He will then detail the action in a cue, making it easier for the composer to write any way he wants, The closes synchronisation of music to action is called Mickey-mousing' (B Source 3) There are two main types of cues in films. Long Cues which are length normally classical pieces of composition, an example of this is a scene from Gold finger where planes are dropping sleeping gas on to a military base, throughout this scene that lasts over two minutes, the same composition is played throughout. Short cues are normally just a few bars of music; this normally acts as punctuation. For example, in many horror films when someone is going to be stabbed with a knife, this is normal accompanied with a strings playing a high sustained chord, giving a sense of anticipation and making the audience uncomfortable. At the recording stage of the music, the conductor of the piece is alerted by a streamer, a three-foot scratch in the film at the end of which a punched hole producing a light on the screen that acts as the starting cue. For the additional short cue scenes, there are similar streamers that will alert the conductor. Throughout the recording, the conductor will normally have a set of headphones where he can listen to the dialogue or a click track. Noise This can be any other sound that can be heard within the movie for example footsteps or birds. Usually the quality recorded on set is poor, which means that special sound effect (SFX) have to be produced in a studio. To produce these sound effects, sound technicians called Foley artists will record different sound effect with items in a studio. For example to create a horse walking, the Foley artist can use two half of a coconut and tap them on the table or floor, or using a metal sheet to create the sound of thunder. Many of these sound effects can be bought digitally from companies that have noise libraries for a cheaper cost then to get Foley artists. But many producers for major motion pictures will employ people and spend more money on Foley artists to create custom sounds for the movie. Timing There are two different timings within films: Viewing Time and Story Time. Viewing time means the physical length of the film. This normally differs from Story time, which is the time that passes within the film itself. Films can normally cover a few years in the characters lives, but most films that we see only take around a couple hours to watch. Viewing time becomes an instrument of the plots manipulation of story time. (B Source 3) Matching a sound or dialogue within the films images is called synchronization. When dialogue or sound is synchronized properly, the audience will not normally be able to tell if everything has been over overdubbed, or sound effects have been added. Sound in games The process of producing game audio resembles in many ways the production of film audio. Game audio follows the same five purposes of film rules made by Aaron Copland, has similar recording techniques for live sound and Foley, and use many of the same software and recording equipment. A lot of game play, i.e. the battles or the big set pieces, essentially has to be scored in some form or fashion. So thats all similar to a film. (B source 4) Although these traits are very similar between game audio and film audio, there are very distinctive differences in the processes. Most of film audio is normally done on the post-production stage, which takes place after the film has been edited and the visuals have been locked (the final version set) (B source 4). A large amount of time is spent mixing and balancing the sounds at this stage, which is one of the most significant differences between film and games sound. Post- production within film doesnt generally exist within game audio. This is because the timings are variable, the music needs to adapt to the game play. The reason for this is because some game players may vary greatly in the length of time needed to complete a level, and often they can complete tasks in different ways. The way they have come across this hurdle is by creating adaptive audio or interactive audio to others. To find out how game audio makes this adaptive or interactive audio, we are going to look through the three production stages. The three stem can be found in the same file or separate files depending on the individual or companys choice. Pre Production The first step on pre production for game audio is the creation of an audio design document. An audio design document contains the details of the design and implementation of the games audio. At this early stage, the audio team dont have much information; they may only have storyboards and characters sketches on which they have to develop an audio design document. But with this information the can start at an early stage of the production, making sure that the audio plays a significant role in the game. The first thing is to determine what type of game it is, finding out the genre and theme for the audio. One technique of finding out the right genre is by creating a temp track. A temp track means placing pre-existing music where the final composition should be. This helps the composer have an idea on where to work from. The second step is how the sound will interact with the gameplay. Rules will normally be placed out by the games designer describing what role the sound design will have within the game. The next stage is to find out which parts of the game should have ambient sound and music. This is known as spotting, it involves defining cue point entrances, exits, play-ins/play-outs, and game state changes, as well as deciding if the games variables (such as players health, surface properties, and so on) will be used to change sound parameters(B source 4). To help the music fit into context with the game, a music cue list can be created. This helps break down the storyboard or script into segments and chapters, creating an individual map for the game, as well as for each individual level. At theses first stages the audio team will need to look for spots for environments, action, pace, tension/release, objects, characters/personalitys and so on. Another important step is spotting the game in terms of emotion; Within a games there is normally movement or a certain rhythm in terms of emotional peaks and valleys (B source 4). To help the sound designer which sounds may interfere with one and another and which sounds need emphasis, an emotion map can be created showing tension and release points. At this stage level descriptions are broken down into different sound types, for example ambient noises, weapons sounds, Foley etc. These sound types will be created within an asset list which can be used at a later stage too track recording in order to reproduce sounds at a later stage, if necessary Production At this stage the production of game sound is normally taken place in several different locations. Like production of film sound: sound libraries are used and normally these effects are layered and manipulated to create the right effect. Bigger companies may have a dedicated Foley studio where Foley artists are hired and are told to create original sound effects for the game. The same techniques in film are used in game audio for sound. One of the most useful techniques that are being used in game audio is the processing of digital signal processing (DSP) in real time. Being able to do this saves a lot of recording time for the sound developers. Before processing DSP in real time effects on certain sounds had to be re-recorded individually, for example; to get the effect of footsteps to change when walking from, say, a stone path into a cave, the effects would have to be pre recorded onto the footsteps file (B Source 4) But now only one sound sample of footsteps needs to be recorded, this is because the DSP filters can be set for location, making the audio responded physics graphic engines which can create more realistic sounding effects in real time while playing the game. The final part of the audio production process is the integration of the music, sound effects, and dialogue. The integration of audio into game decides how the audio will be triggered within the game. This also controls what part of the audio might change the games state or the games parameters. For example Music or ambience tracks may be triggered by location, by game state, by time-ins or time-outs, by players, or by various game events. For the composers music to work with the game, it must be able to integrate into it. Cutting the music into chunks, splits or loops may help in creating a much more dynamic score for the game. An hour or so of music can be stretched out to many hours by cutting it up and looping it. To make it easier to cut, normally the songs have to be quite rhythmic. In game music compositions, the composer will normally make sure that the music is played within the same key throughout. This is because it is easy for sections to be cut and looped without the audience realising. The music composers for Red Dead Redemption composed the music by creating many riffs and small composition lasting less than a minute each, all within the same key. After mastering each one individually, they then put it into the music engine of the game where segments of the musical material are constantly chosen at random an put together to form a piece of music. (B source 5) Music can not only be cut, but also elements of it can be changed in real time in the game engine, for example DSP effects, tempo and instrumentation. Software such as Wwise and FMOD are being used much more these days to create editing such as this. This is because the software lowers cost and production time, and makes it easier to integrate a more dynamic score within the game. Segments of the musical material are constantly chosen at random and put together to create a piece of music. Post Production stage At this stage of production the main task is the mixing of the audio. The mixer has to find anything within the mix which is unnatural, too much repetition or anything having an unnatural imbalance. Within current games, the different stems of audio are competing with each other because they are all in the same aural space. This gives a great risk of sounds being in the same sound range and masking each other out. This is also problematic within film, but because of the unpredictability on where different sounds are going to be heard in a game, makes the mixing an even more difficult task. A strategy mixers have used to tackle this obstacle is by prioritizing sounds real-time in games. Using FX and ducking the music when dialogue happens, is an effective way of making sure needed information is passed on to the player. Another effective technique is making certain frequencies in the music quieter; this makes room for the dialogue to be heard and the music still has a presence. Strategies adopted by game audio developers To make it easier to see the similarities and differences in film and game audio, they have been made into two different sections Similarities Film and game audio have very similar, if not exact recording techniques. They both have to overdub dialogue and ambience. Game audio however, is more reliant on over dubbing, this is because there is no original sound because they have to create the ambience and dialogue from scratch. They both follow similar rules in what they want from the audio, and how they want their audience too feel. The music is very similar, both film and game audio often have scores arranged by professional composers, have a dedicated team that that deal with all the audios needs. Differences Evaluate Conclusion Overall thoughts Examples, including discussion and evaluation, of strategies adopted by game audio developers; Conclusion; References.

Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Essay -- Williams Glass Menage

Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie If The Glass Menagerie were performed without the effects Williams wrote into the script, then the play would barely have a plot. Williams' use of music, lighting and a television screen add depth and meaning to the play. He uses effects to portray the feelings of the characters, rather than their words or actions. In Tom's opening speech he states that'The play is memory.' Because it is about his memories of his mother and her memories. They both spend the play living in the past. Tom is obviously living in the past because the play is based around 'post-war Tom's' memories of his life prior to the war when he was living with Amanda and Laura. Amanda seems to be divided between her world as an abandoned mother of two, and her youth back in Blue Mountain. When Amanda first appears in the play, so does the legend on the television screen 'Ou sont les neiges' and later, 'Ou sont les neiges d'antan?' which means 'where are the snows' and 'where are the snows of yesteryear?' this emphasises the idea that Amanda is longing for the past. She then begins to tell her children- and judging by Tom's reaction, for the hundredth time- of her youth and her many gentlemen callers and how wonderful her life was. The Glass Menagerie is a very static play, the audience do not leave the two rooms of their apartment and the characters lives are so uninteresting the highest point of the play is when a gentleman comes to the house for dinner. The family have become so consumed by the pressure and worries of the American depression, that their lives have become monotonous and lacklustre. Their struggle for survival is so apparent, that their dreams and life have been oppres... ...s played to express Laura's silent fears but other music is played in other scenes to express general feelings. For example in scene five, dance music called 'The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise', this is used to show society's general lack of motivation not just the family's. The last scene of the play is when Tom storms out of the apartment and he is standing on the stairs telling the audience what he then went on to do. In the background is Amanda comforting her daughter, and it is not a side that the audience has witnessed of Amanda before. This final moment is obviously a very important moment for Amanda and Laura because they are bonding, yet Williams has this scene in silence. This silence does not devalue this moment between the two at all, but makes it more powerful, because acts speak louder than words, hence 'A play is not just language...'.

Benefits of a College Degree Essay

After high school, a choice that many students have to make is whether to go to college or not. There are many factors that go into one’s decision. There are pros and cons to going to college and also there are pros and cons for not going to college. But the decision that will give someone the better opportunity to have a more successful life is to go to college. The money that one will earn after getting a college degree will be more than the money a person will make without getting a college degree. As our society has continued to evolve, education has become the optimal route to professional success: pursuing a degree is the best way to receive training, to gain expertise in a given field, and even to guide you and help you make choices about your career (Value†¦). Money is one of the most important reasons that a person goes to college. On average, a person that has just a high-school diploma earns $30,400 per year while a person that gets a bachelor’s degree will earn on average $52,200 per year (Value†¦). A master’s degree on average will get a person a yearly salary of $62,300 (Value†¦). Based on the numbers, a formal education is an essential ingredient in today’s society. Going to college and getting four more years of schooling may not be the fun thing to do, but it is a wise choice to help lead one to a more successful life. Some people may say that even though that someone will earn more money by getting a college degree, the cost of college does not equal out the amount of money one will make. While the cost of college is expensive, the difference in money made from a college degree will be able to cover the cost of college over time. The average cost of college tuition plus expenses per year is between $20,000 and $35,000 (U. S. News Staff). Of course that is quite a bit of money that would go into paying for college, but even if a person cannot pay for it at the time or did not get a scholarship, someone could always get a student loan so they can pay for college in that way. While if a person chooses to not go to college, that person can get a full-time job that one may focus heavily on. Although a person in college can have a job, that person cannot work as much as someone who is not in college. At first this is a positive for not going to college because that would mean more money for the people not going to college. That is true but over years; the people with a college degree will end up with more money because of the higher annual salaries. The benefits of a college degree are not just for money, but also a college degree will also give a person more career options. A person with a college degree will have more career options than someone without a college degree because employers will see that one has a college degree and think that person knows what to do and can do the job well. Employers want the best person for the job and a college degree looks really good on a person’s resume (Ten Great†¦). In a survey that was casted to see what employers look for, those employers said that they wanted people that have dependability, reliability, a good attitude, the ability to read comfortably, the ability to think more consciously, computer skills, and the ability to communicate clearly whether it be spoken or in writing (Knowledge and†¦). Along the path of getting a college degree, one will also learn these skills and attributes. Not only does a college degree increase one’s chances of getting a job, but it can also get a person employer-paid health insurance and pension plans. That is great considering that the amount of employers that are offering health insurance and pension plans are going down. Also, if in the town or state that a person lives in hits a recession, if one has a college degree, then that person is more likely to keep their job. Plus, even if that person does get fired, that person will still be more likely to find a job somewhere else because of the college degree (Ten Great†¦). College is not just a place to get a degree, but it is also a place to make connections and lifelong friends. Making connections is creating relationships with those that are further along in their career. One’s professors will enjoy helping out their students because they would not be professors if they did not care about helping out others. In college, a person will meet many people from many different places. The people that someone is with can listen to people’s stories about their backgrounds, experiences, and cultures. This will be an advantage because meeting a diverse range of people will give one a broader view on the world and cultural understanding (The Benefits†¦). Being in college will help one learn more about themselves. While one is in college, a person will figure out more about their likes and dislikes (The Benefit†¦). College is a time when one is starting to prepare for a career that one will enjoy doing that job for the rest of their life. Hopefully a person in college will find a career that one will enjoy and also be able to perform that job well. The time spent in college will help one become more satisfied with their career choice later on in life. Of course, the obvious benefit of going to college is the education and the knowledge that one will learn. In whatever major that a person takes while in college, one will get a higher understanding of what the class is about. Having the knowledge in a certain area will make a person better at their job. The knowledge that one will gain in college will help that person doing what is needed to get done every day. Plus, with a college degree, one will not need as much training as someone who did not get a degree. The benefits of going to college outweigh the possible negatives of going to college. While there is a chance of someone being very successful in life with only a high school diploma, the odds are just better if one has a college degree. There are many benefits of going to college so that one can earn a college degree. One can get a higher annual salary than someone that does not go to college. Having a college degree with give a person more career choices and also improve their chances of being hired by an employer. One will learn the skills that employers are looking for like knowledge, dependability, computer skills, and much more. A person that goes to college will develop great friendships and make a real connection with people. While in college, one will learn more about themselves, find out more about oneself, and hopefully be able to realize their dreams. There is no correct way to live life, but when someone is trying to figure what path to take so that one can fulfill their dreams and be as happy as possible, the signs point that going to college and getting a college degree is the smarter choice. Works Cited Gill, Deanna. â€Å"Negative Effects of Not Exercising. † n. p. HubPages Inc. 22 Mar. 2011. Web. 3Nov. 2012. Wiley, Blackwell. â€Å"Regular Exercise Reduces Large Number of Health Risks Including Dementia and Some Cancers, Study Finds. † ScienceDaily, 16 Nov. 2010. Web. 3 Nov. 2012. CourseAdvisor. â€Å"Benefits of a College Degree. † Washington Post Company. CourseAdvisor Inc. 2010. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Knowledge and Skills Needed to Succeed in the 21st Century Workplace,† National Center for Higher Education Management Systems, June 2000. â€Å"Ten Great Reasons to Get a College Degree. † n. p. Yellow Page College Directory. 2011. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. â€Å"The Benefits of a College Degree. † n. p. Hobsons. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. â€Å"The Real Benefits of a College Degree. † n. p. RightFitDegrees. com, Inc. 2009-2012. Web. 7 Dec. 2012. U. S. News Staff. â€Å"The Average Cost of a U. S. College Education. † n. p. U. S. News & World Report. 24 Aug. 2010. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Value of Education. † n. p. 2003-2010. Web. 6 Dec. 2012.

Essay on Love Song OF J.Alfred Prufrock by Thomas Stearns Eliot.

Essay on Love Song OF J.Alfred Prufrock by Thomas Stearns Eliot. "The Love Song Of J.Alfred Prufrock" is perhaps Thomas Stearns Eliot's most well-known poem; as the epitome of a modern poem. The poem is comprised of text which is the voice of a neurotic, paranoid modern man - Prufrock - who is obssessed with time, mortality, and social conduct. Eliot's meaning in 'Prufrock' is to describe aspects of the Modern world. I will explain how we get this impression of Prufrock and more through Eliot's use of linguistic techniques. Techniques such as symbolism, repetition, rhetorical questions, allusions or intertextual references, metaphors and similes, rhyme, irony and more.Before even reading the poem we're faced with the symbolic title, particularly the word 'Prufrock'. By this Eliot is implying a characteristic of this persona, that he has a sort of prude-in-a-frock effeminancy. The effeminancy is apart of Prufrock's nature so its implication is adding to Eliot's construction of the modern, neurotic individual.The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockFurth er symbolism is found in the personified cat which in the literal sense is a yellow fog. This cat goes from a high point, 'the windowpanes' to street - 'drains'. Thus it goes through a downward motion, which can be seen to represent Prufrock's mental debasement. This is evident more so as a result of the symbol of the cat; cats are usually associated with feminine qualities. Hence the cat can definately be seen as representing the paranoid, isolated modern man (Prufrock), which is Eliot's meaning.Another example of symbolism is 'I grow old...I grow old...I wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled' where the trousers being rolled is a popular youthful Bohemian fashion that Prufrock is envisioning. Hence the symbol of youth is something Prufrock is adopting to appear youthful. Prufrock also considers parting 'his hair behind' which is symbolically an attempt again to associate himself with...

To Kill a Mockingbird Research Paper Essays

To Kill a Mockingbird Research Paper Essays To Kill a Mockingbird Research Paper Paper To Kill a Mockingbird Research Paper Paper Essay Topic: To Kill a Mockingbird Moral Development of Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird Grace Mahoney Majewski 6/8/2012 Moral Development of Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird * Scout’s moral development throughout To Kill a Mockingbird has to do with how she is taught to see â€Å"the other†, her exposure to racism and injustice, and that she had Atticus as a parent to guide her through her childhood. These factors together create a stable learning environment for Scout to grow and develop in. Scouts relationship with the constant adults in her life helps to shape who she becomes. Her father is a big role model for her and she looks up to him immensely. Her housekeeper, Calpurnia, is also a teacher for her. She teaches her about things in the kitchen and basic things about being a woman, like manners while also letting her be a child. Miss Maudie is about Atticus’s age, shares most of his views on things and lives across the street. When Jem starts growing up and does not want to be as close to Scout anymore, Scout starts spending more time with Miss Maudie. She reinforces Atticus and talks to Scout as less of a 6 year old child and more of an equal. When Atticus invites Aunt Alexandra to live with them, she teaches Scout a whole new perspective. She does not much approve of Atticus’s parenting style or his other actions, and is harsher on Scout then he is. Aunt Alexandra teaches her how to dress, talk, and act like a lady. When Atticus takes on the trail of an innocent black man (Tom Robinson) raping a white girl (Mayella Ewell), Scouts whole life changes. At first she didn’t know why people were calling her father terrible names and looking at her differently. Eventually, her father explains the situation in a way that shows how Tom is innocent. When the trial finally went on, Scout, Jem, and Dill snuck in and all saw the blatant injustice and prejudice being displayed there. As the critic Merren Ward wrote, â€Å"[Blacks] certainly did not have the benefit of the supposed impartiality of the law† [Ward], in referal to how Tom Robinson was treated in the trial, and how Africain Americains were treated in the court room. Even though everyone in the court house and jury knew that Tom was innocent, he was persecuted because of his race. Through this she learned a lot, for example how people lie, how not everything is fair, the law has flaws, and the obvious racism displayed towards blacks people in south. When Scout first goes to school she meets her new teacher, Miss Caroline. Miss Caroline is very young, straight from collage and is teaching just how the collage taught her to teach. Scout is not at all used to Miss Caroline’s methods of teaching and is not pleased to have her as a teacher. She goes home to consult Atticus about it, and he says one of the most profound quotes in the book: â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view, until you climb in his skin and walk around in it† [Lee 33] This becomes one of the themes of the book, and of Scouts life. She applies it to many of her experiences with people from this moment on, and to Miss Caroline. She considered the situation from Miss Caroline’s perspective and realizes it must have been hard to move to a new town with new people and teach for the first time, and got along with her just fine for the rest of the year. Nearly the same situation happened with Calpurnia. Scout did not like the restrictions she put on her, but after spending more time with Calpurnia and especially after going to her church, she is really able to empathize with her and understand her much better. There is a lot of development for Scout here because she is now able to see things from others perspective, and have empathy. Another huge learning experience for Scout is the incident when Bob Ewell attacks her and Jem, and Boo Radley saves their lives. Scout learns about self-sacrifice, bravery, respect, and grows up quite a bit after this terrifying experience. Boo risks his own life to save Scout and Jem. This must have been extremely hard, physically and emotionally, for Boo. He stays in his house all alone and is not accustomed to human contact, so this intense action would have been very difficult for him to handle. Also, because he is always in his house his body is not very physically fit so to save Scout and Jem and kill Bob Ewell must have been very tiring. He demonstrates great self-sacrifice, bravery, and courage. Scout witnessed Heck Tate’s decision to lie, and say that Bob Ewell fell on his knife rather then tell everyone that Boo killed him. She did not fully understand it at the time, but the as the narrator is older Scout, she understands it eventually. After that, she walks Boo home. Scout stands on his porch and is able to see the neighborhood from his perspective, climbing into his skin and walking around in it, as Atticus said. She is able to see a piece of his life, and her being able to do this at 6 years old is extraordinary, and shows how much she has grown up. When Scout meets Dolphus Raymond, she goes through a big learning experience. He tells her how he is married to a black woman and has children with her, and that the town cannot accept this. To make the situation more acceptable, he pretends to be a drunkard so that people are able to think, oh, he is a drunk so it does not matter what he does. They are not able to comprehend that he actually wants to live that way. But when Dolphus talks to Scout and Dill about it, they are able to understand and even empathize with him. They could see past the racism that the rest of the town could not, which shows how mature and grown up both of them are. The relationship between Scout and Atticus is a beautiful one. Scout learns so much from him, and Atticus also learns much from Scout. A critic of To Kill a Mockingbird, Lawrence Kohlberg, disagrees. â€Å"[Scout and Jem] are guided by what they want and not by others,† she wrote. This is untrue because if Atticus and other influences in her life had not been there to guide her through her childhood, nothing is stopping her from turning out like everyone else in Maycomb, to â€Å"catch Maycomb’s usual disease† [Lee ] as Atticus himself states about how he wants Scout and Jem to have a different upbringing then the other children there. Atticus teaches her respect, courage, perseverance, hard work, how to read, and many other life lessons. Scout teaches him a bit more profound things, for example when Atticus is protecting Tom Robinson in the jail and Scout, Jem and Dill sneak out of the house to help him. Scout unwittingly uses her childhood innocence to get all the men to go home and leave Tom alone. Atticus was amazed at Scouts ability to influence the angry mob and change their minds. She was able to awaken them from their madness with a few kind words and politeness, she was just trying to diffuse the tension but she ended up possibly saving Tom’s life. Scout grows and develops so much in To Kill a Mockingbird. Through all the people she meets, experiences she has and obstacles she faces, she continues to develop morally more than most of the adults in the town did in their lifetimes. She goes from a naive, young, playful, but ignorant child to a mature, knowing, older child. She is able to grow, evolve, and progress despite the mentally-restricting environment she is in. Tom Weller, a critic, agrees with the thesis statement (Scout’s moral development throughout To Kill a Mockingbird has to do with how she is taught to see â€Å"the other†, her exposure to racism and injustice, and that she had Atticus as a parent to guide her through her childhood) in saying â€Å"[Scout] becomes morally aware thanks to Atticus’s guidance and the circumstances that befall Tom Robinson, Boo Radley and her family. [Weller] This describes the means in which Scout grew up and what caused the maturation and change. Atticus guides her through her childhood with a gentle but firm hand, letting her experience her life but also helping her through it. The trial, Boo Radley, and her family were also vital factors to this, and continued to help her in her journey from unknowing child to a more adult, knowledgeable child.

Assigments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assigments - Essay Example When the platelets come in close vicinity to the site of damage in the vessels, they start to change their shape and become swollen. At the same time, they contract to release essential substances which make them adhere to the damaged wall and in particular to the collagen in the walls of the damaged vessels. They also tend to release ADP. This substance further assists the platelets in their function and tend to stimulate the platelets which lie close to the damaged vessel by making them active. These platelets tend to cluster together and come and join the initial platelets that adhered to the vessel wall that was damaged. This results in the formation of a platelet plug which closes the damaged vessel. At the same time, there is further release of clotting factors. This mechanism indicates the positive feedback system of the human body where the activation of one platelet further stimulates the cascade and results in more stimulation and the formation of a platelet plug (Lauralee 2006 p322). Works Cited Top of Form Clark, Robert K.  Anatomy and Physiology: Understanding the Human Body. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2005. Print. Bottom of Form Top of Form Sherwood, Lauralee.  Fundamentals of Physiology: A Human Perspective. Belmont, Calif: Thomson Learning distributor, 2006. Print.

Staff recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Staff recruitment - Essay Example (2) The employer will give an employee a minimum of two weeks'notice of the date of commencement of duty. one month ofcommencing employment. Junior Employees Liberty is reserved to both parties to apply to make provisions for junior employees. Part-Time Employees 9. - PART TIME EMPLOYEES (1) Part-time employees may be employed on a regular basis for less total hours or weeks in a year than full-time employees but for not less than 3 hours on each day and shall be paid for each hour worked in proportion to the rate of wage prescribed in Clause 5. Hours 10. - HOURS (1) The ordinary hours of duty shall be: (a) Thirty eight hours per week or; (b) An average of 38 hours per week with hours actually worked being 40 hours per week or 80 hours per fortnight; (2) The ordinary hours of duty shall be worked in five days of not more than 8 hours (excluding a meal break) between the hours of 6.00am and 6.00pm. Provided that the ordinary hours of work performed on any day of late night trading may be worked between 6.00am and 9.00pm. Provided further that the aforementioned spread of hours may be varied by mutual agreement between the employer and employee. 24. - HOURS (1) The ordinary working hours of work shall not exceed 40 in any one week, or eight in any one day, Monday to Friday inclusive. Such hours to be consecutive except for the meal break. (2) In any week in which a public holiday or the day in lieu is observed falls between Monday to Friday inclusive, the ordinary hours of work for that week shall be 32 hours, and in any week in which two public holidays or the days in lieu are observed fall between Monday to Friday inclusive,... (1) Part-time employees may be employed on a regular basis for less total hours or weeks in a year than full-time employees but for not less than 3 hours on each day and shall be paid for each hour worked in proportion to the rate of wage prescribed in Clause 5. (2) The ordinary hours of duty shall be worked in five days of not more than 8 hours (excluding a meal break) between the hours of 6.00am and 6.00pm. Provided that the ordinary hours of work performed on any day of late night trading may be worked between 6.00am and 9.00pm. Provided further that the aforementioned spread of hours may be varied by mutual agreement between the employer and employee. (2) In any week in which a public holiday or the day in lieu is observed falls between Monday to Friday inclusive, the ordinary hours of work for that week shall be 32 hours, and in any week in which two public holidays or the days in lieu are observed fall between Monday to Friday inclusive, the ordinary hours of work for that week shall be 24 hours. (3) The ordinary starting time shall not be earlier than 5.30 a.m. and the ordinary finishing time shall not be later than 4.30 p.m. Monday to Friday inclusive, or as otherwise agreed between the parties hereto. (2) All time worked in excess of ordinary hours on a Saturday before 12.00 noon shall be paid for at the rate of time and one half f